Selected craniofacial measurements from anonymized CT scans of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients at PPUM.

A total of 17 CT scans from non-operated patients with syndromic craniosynostosis (SC), all under 12 years old and treated at the craniofacial unit of a tertiary healthcare center between November 2017 and December 2023, were selected for this study (17 SC patient and 17 Control.tab). For the control group, CT scans from 21 age-matched non-syndromic children were collected for craniofacial morphology analysis and predictive regression model development (21 Control for model fitting.tab). The exclusion criteria of the SC subjects were as follows: (1) non-syndromic and isolated craniosynostosis; (2) incomplete skull and midfacial region images; (3) age over 12 years old; and (4) undergone craniofacial surgeries. The exclusion criteria of the control subjects were as follows: (1) with existing or previous skull deformity; (2) any midface hypoplasia associated with other diseases; (3) incomplete skull and midfacial region images; and (4) age over 12 years old. The CT scans were imported into Materialise Mimics Medical Software (version 21.0) for 3D reconstruction and extraction of craniofacial measurements. These measurements were obtained using a combination of the following anatomical landmarks: 1) ANS (Anterior Nasal Spine): The anterior tip of the sharp bony process of the maxilla. 2) BA (Basion): The most inferior and posterior point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. 3) N (Nasion): The most anterior and central point where the frontal and two nasal bones meet. 4) PNS (Posterior Nasal Spine): The posterior midpoint of the posterior nasal spine of the palatine bone. 5) S (Sella): The lowest and most central point of the hypophyseal fossa. 6) SO (Spheno-occipital Synchondrosis): The most anterior point on the midline of the occipital bone at the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. 7) ZF (L/R) – Zygomaticofrontal Suture: The intersection point of the zygomaticofrontal suture on each side. 8) ZMs (L/R) – Zygomaticomaxillary Suture: The point at the zygomaticomaxillary suture along the inferior orbital rim on each side. 9) ZTi (L/R) – Zygomaticotemporal Suture: The inferior point of the zygomaticotemporal suture. 10) ZX (L/R) – Zygomatic Point: The midpoint of the inferior border of the zygomatic bone. This study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the University Malaya Medical Center (2022916-11546). (2025-07-02)